{"id":15408,"date":"2020-03-30T11:53:08","date_gmt":"2020-03-30T09:53:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iab-forum.de\/?page_id=15408"},"modified":"2021-01-18T09:58:26","modified_gmt":"2021-01-18T08:58:26","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"cm-glossary\"><div class=\"glossary-container \"><input type=\"hidden\" class=\"cmtt-attribute-field\" name=\"glossary_index_style\" value=\"classic\">\t\t<div class=\"progress-indicator\">\r\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/TooltipProPlus\/assets\/css\/images\/ajax-loader.gif\" alt=\"AJAX progress indicator\"\/>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"glossary_top_filter\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"left\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cmtt_help glossary-search-helpitem\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t     data-cmtooltip=\"Dursucht werden der Begriff sowie in die Beschreibung.\"><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"glossary-search-label\">Suche:<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"glossary-search-wrapper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input value=\"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t       placeholder=\"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t       class=\"glossary-search-term \" name=\"glossary-search-term\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t       id=\"glossary-search-term\"\r\n                               aria-label=\"Suche\"\/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"submit\" id=\"glossary-search\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t        class=\"glossary-search button\">Suche<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"glossary-search-clear\" title=\"Clear the input\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t   href=\"\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(l\u00f6schen)\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"cmtt-attribute-field\" name=\"disable_listnav\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"0\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"cmtt-attribute-field\" name=\"exact_search\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"0\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"cmtt-attribute-field\" name=\"show_search\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"1\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"glossary-hide-terms\" name=\"glossary-hide-terms\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"0\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"glossary-hide-categories\" name=\"glossary-hide-categories\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"0\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"glossary-hide-abbrevs\" name=\"glossary-hide-abbrevs\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"0\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"glossary-hide-synonyms\" name=\"glossary-hide-synonyms\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"0\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"glossary-perpage\" name=\"glossary-perpage\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"0\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"tooltip_language\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"language_dropdown\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"\"\/>\r\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"languages_for_table\"\r\n\t\t       value=\"\"\/>\r\n\t\t<div id=\"glossaryList-nav\" class=\"listNav small\" role=\"tablist\"><\/div><ul class=\"glossaryList\" role=\"tablist\" id=\"glossaryList\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTermSet\"><li class=\" ln-\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/aequivalenzeinkommen\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;&Auml;quivalenzeinkommen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Das &Auml;quivalenzeinkommen ist das Einkommen, das jedem Mitglied eines Haushalts, wenn es erwachsen w&auml;re und alleine leben w&uuml;rde, den gleichen (&auml;quivalenten) Lebensstandard erm&ouml;glichen w&uuml;rde, wie es ihn innerhalb der Haushaltsgemeinschaft hat. Dazu wird das Einkommen des gesamten Haushalts addiert und anschlie&szlig;end aufgrund einer &Auml;quivalenzskala gewichtet. Die Gewichtung richtet sich nach Anzahl und Alter der Personen der Haushaltsgemeinschaft.&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Das &Auml;quivalenzeinkommen&nbsp;ist das Einkommen, das jedem Mitglied eines Haushalts, wenn es erwachsen w&auml;re und alleine leben w&uuml;rde, den gleichen (&auml;quivalenten) Lebensstandard erm&ouml;glichen w&uuml;rde, wie es ihn innerhalb der Haushaltsgemeinschaft hat. Dazu wird das Einkommen des gesamten Haushalts addiert und anschlie&szlig;end aufgrund einer &Auml;quivalenzskala gewichtet. Die Gewichtung richtet sich nach Anzahl und Alter der Personen der Haushaltsgemeinschaft.&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">\u00c4quivalenzeinkommen<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-0\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/agility\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Agility&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Agility refers to the ability of an organisation to act flexibly and, beyond that, in a proactive, anticipative and initiative way to introduce necessary changes.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Agility<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-0\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/ambidexterity\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ambidexterity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;In the original sense of the word, it describes the &amp;quot;equal ability to use both hands&rdquo;. Organisational ambidexterity describes the ability of companies to accomplish core business and innovations at the same time.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Ambidexterity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-0\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/armutsquote\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Armutsquote&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Als Armutsquote wird der Anteil der Haushalte an allen Haushalten bzw. innerhalb der jeweiligen Subgruppe bestimmt, die &uuml;ber weniger als 60 Prozent des Medians des nach neuer OECD-Skala &auml;quivalenzgewichteten Haushaltsnettoeinkommens verf&uuml;gen.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Armutsquote<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-1\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/bots\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Bots&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Bots are intelligent and autonomously acting software systems that are not dependent on any interaction with people.&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Bots sind intelligente und autonom agierende Softwaresysteme, die nicht auf eine Interaktion mit dem Menschen angewiesen sind.&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Bots<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-2\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/capable-of-work\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Capable of work&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span lang=&amp;quot;EN-GB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;According to SGB&nbsp;II, those persons are capable of work who are not unable in the foreseeable future, due to sickness or disability, to work for at least three hour a day under the usual conditions of the general labour market&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span lang=&amp;quot;EN-GB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Capable of work<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-2\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/codetermination-at-plant-level\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Codetermination at plant level&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;In general terms, codetermination at plant level is the practice of management and employees working together to solve labour relations problems and cooperating in other areas of company business. The German form of employee representation at work and company level includes institutionalized employee representation on the supervisory boards (Aufsichtsrat) of limited companies (Aktiengesellschaft) but also refers to co-management in economic, social and staff matters by the works council (Betriebsrat) as provided for by the Works Constitution Act.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Codetermination at plant level<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-2\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/cohort\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cohort&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Cohorts are formed to separate people into certain population groups. A cohort encompasses a group of people that experienced the same (life) event within a certain time interval (e.g., a year). This way, birth cohorts, marriage cohorts, immigration cohorts, or the like are formed.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Cohort<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-2\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/collective-agreements\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;collective agreements&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Collective agreements between employers&rsquo; associations and unions often have to be renegotiated each year. In Germany, collective agreements are usually negotiated for regions and industry sectors.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">collective agreements<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-2\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/coworking-centres\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Coworking centres&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Coworking centres are places of new forms of work. Here, especially people in creative jobs, IT entrepreneurs, start-ups and freelancers come together in open workspaces where the necessary infrastructure and workplaces are made available on a temporary basis. Coworking centres thus enable the emergence of new collaborative projects, which, however, can remain non-committal and flexible as to time.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Coworking centres<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-2\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/crowdwork\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Crowdwork&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Crowdworkers work via online platforms in often very limited projects. Through these platforms, companies offer clearly defined work for private contractors ranging from very small jobs to highly specialised activities.&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Crowdworker arbeiten &uuml;ber Onlineplattformen in oft stark begrenzten Projekten. Unternehmen bieten dort klar definierte Arbeiten f&uuml;r private Auftragnehmer an, die von Kleinstauftr&auml;gen bis zu hoch spezialisierten T&auml;tigkeiten reichen.&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Crowdwork<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-3\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/deadweigth-effect\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Deadweigth effect&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Possible effect of paying subsidies, when the desired change in behaviour could be achieved also without additional incentive partially or completely.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Deadweigth effect<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-3\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/design-thinking\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Design thinking&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Design thinking is an approach to develop new ideas and solve problems. In design thinking, service products are assessed from the perspective of user friendliness.&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Design Thinking ist ein Ansatz zur Entwicklung neuer Ideen und zum L&ouml;sen von Problemen. Dienstleistungsprodukte werden im Design Thinking aus der Perspektive der Nutzerfreundlichkeit bewertet.&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Design thinking<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-3\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/discontinous-open-ended-contracts\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Discontinous open-ended contracts&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Discontinuous open-ended contracts are widely used in seasonal activities like tourism in Spain. Outside the active periods, workers are entitled to unemployment insurance benefits if they meet the eligibility criteria.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Discontinous open-ended contracts<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-3\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/disruption\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Disruption&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Disruptive technologies are technologies that destroy existing technologies, products or business models or completely displace them from the market.&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Disruptive Technologien sind Technologien, die bestehende Technologien,&nbsp;Produkte oder Gesch&auml;ftsmodelle zerst&ouml;ren oder vollst&auml;ndig&nbsp;vom Markt verdr&auml;ngen.&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Disruption<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-3\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/dual-apprenticeship-training\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Dual apprenticeship training&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The dual apprenticeship training is a typical system in the Federal Republic of Germany. Most officially recognised training occupations &ndash; currently some 350 &ndash; are structured according to the dual system. The initial apprenticeship training takes place at two learning venues: general theoretical subject-related training is provided at a vocational school, and subject-related practical training takes place on-the-job or in a corporate training facility.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Dual apprenticeship training<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-3\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/dual-system-of-interest-representation\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Dual system of interest representation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The German dual system of interest representation is set on two pillars. One comprises industry-wide regional collective agreements between trade unions and employer associations. The second consists of works councils, legally-based bodies representing the employees of an establishment. Legally the two institutions are independent but in practice there are manifold interdependencies.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Dual system of interest representation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-4\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/economies-of-scale\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Economies of scale&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;See equivalence scale&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Economies of scale<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-4\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/employment-agency\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Employment Agency&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;At a local level, the 156 Employment Agencies are responsible for the fulfilment of the tasks of the Federal Employment Agency. With the restructuring of the Federal Labour Office to become the Federal Employment Agency, the former Employment Offices became Employment Agencies.&nbsp;Nine Employment Agencies are at the same time research liaison offices of the IAB with one project member from the institute, respectively.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Employment Agency<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-4\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/employment-rate\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Employment rate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Share of employees subject to social insurance contributions of a certain age group in the overall population of the same age. In contrast to the working population rate, the employment rate only considers employees subject to social insurance contributions, but not, for example, self-employed persons or people in marginal employment; therefore, it is lower than the working population rate.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Employment rate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-4\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/employment-statistics\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Employment statistics&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span lang=&amp;quot;EN-GB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The employment statistics capture all employees subject to social insurance contributions and employees in marginal employment as well as their employment relationships, and is maintained by the Federal Employment Agency (BA). They also include specifications on the companies the respective persons work with. The statistics are structured according to industries and regions.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span lang=&amp;quot;EN-GB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;They are obtained from social insurance registrations by employers. Among others, the industry-specific data provide important information for labour market and employment research and the labour market policy; the regional allocation of companies is highly relevant, among others, when distributing the local shares in VAT revenues. But also for the original tasks of the BA &ndash; counselling and placement &ndash; the allocation of employers to industries plays an important role.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Employment statistics<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-4\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/equivalence-scale\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Equivalence scale&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;In scientific studies, an equivalence scale standardises the economic resources (income, assets or consumption expenditure) of households of different sizes or structures. This shows individual differences in needs and savings of joint household management (i.e. economies of scale).&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;An equivalence scale measures the required percentage increase in household resources when an additional person is added, provided that the welfare level of the household is maintained.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Equivalence scale<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-4\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/establishment-history-panel-bhp\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Establishment History Panel (BHP)&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The Establishment History Panel (BHP) contains aggregated establishment data and is made up of cross-section datasets for West Germany (beginning in 1975) and for East Germany (beginning in 1992), which can be combined to form one panel. There are data for 640,000 to 1.5&nbsp;million establishments per year, respectively.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Establishment History Panel (BHP)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-4\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/exceptional-leave-to-remain\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Exceptional leave to remain&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span lang=&amp;quot;EN-GB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Persons not (no longer) taking part in the asylum procedure or having received a negative decision, but whose deportation has been suspended receive a &amp;quot;certificate on the suspension of deportation&rdquo; from the aliens department which is called &amp;quot;exceptional leave to remain&rdquo;.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Exceptional leave to remain<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-4\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/exploitation\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Exploitation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Exploitation describes an innovation strategy in which existing preparatory work or knowledge inventories are structured in a more beneficial way and thus the existing business is expanded.&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Exploitation meint eine Innovationsstrategie, bei der bereits existierende Vorarbeiten oder Wissensvorr&auml;te nutzenbringender strukturiert werden und so das bestehende Gesch&auml;ft ausgebaut wird.&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Exploitation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-4\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/exploration\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Exploration&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Exploration describes an innovation strategy in which new, previously unknown knowledge and new products are developed. In risk-related processes, new growth opportunities can be developed through exploration.&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Exploration meinte eine Innovationsstrategie, bei der neues, bisher noch nicht bekanntes Wissen sowie neue Produkte entstehen. In mit Risiko verbundenen Prozessen k&ouml;nnen durch Exploration neue Wachstumschancen erschlossen werden.&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Exploration<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-5\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/federal-employment-agency\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Federal Employment Agency&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The Federal Employment Agency (short BA, Bundesagentur f&uuml;r Arbeit) based in Nuremberg provides services for the labour market. This includes, in particular, job placement, employment promotion, and financial benefits replacing employment income, e.g., unemployment benefit. The BA is a corporation under public law directly under federal government control with self-governance subject to legal supervision by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Bundesministerium f&uuml;r Arbeit und Soziales) (Section 393 Para. 1 SGB III). Employing a staff of approx. 96,000 (last updated: 2018), it is one of the largest authorities in Germany.\r\nThe regional offices of the BA are called Regional Directorates (Regionaldirektionen), the local offices are called Employment Agencies (Agenturen f&uuml;r Arbeit).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Federal Employment Agency<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-5\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/flexible-pension-act-flexirenten-gesetz\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Flexible Pension Act (Flexirenten-Gesetz)&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The Flexible Pension Act (Flexirenten-Gesetz) that came into force in 2017 offers employees more flexibility with regard to the transition from working life to retirement. Above all things, it aims at creating financial incentives to continue working even after retirement.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The Act includes, among others, the following regulations:\r\n&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;\r\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Those receiving an early old-age pension can additionally earn up to 6,300&nbsp;euros per year exempt from charges. 40&nbsp;percent of any higher additional income will be credited against the pension.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\r\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Retired individuals that remain in work after they have reached the statutory retirement age can continue paying voluntary pension contributions.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\r\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;If individuals retire before having reached the statutory retirement age, they can compensate for pension deductions in whole or in part with a special payment when aged 50 and above.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\r\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Flexible Pension Act (Flexirenten-Gesetz)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-5\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/free-collective-bargaining\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;free collective bargaining&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The right to free collective bargaining is the right of organisations representing employers and workers to regulate terms and conditions of employment on their own responsibility without interference of the state. In Germany, the government usually does not interfere in the wage-setting process.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">free collective bargaining<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-6\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/gini-index\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gini index&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The Gini coefficient or Gini index is a statistical measure of unequal distribution within a group that was developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini. It can assume a value between zero and one. In the case of equal distribution of income, for example, the Gini coefficient has a value of zero and in the case of concentration of the entire income on just one person, a value of 1.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Gini index<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-7\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/hackathon\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hackathon&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;A hackathon, in the style of the word &amp;quot;marathon&rdquo;, is a collective software and hardware development event. Hackathons are mostly dedicated to a specific topic.&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;cmtt_meaning_label&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;Ein Hackathon, in Anlehnung an den Marathon, ist eine kollektive Software- und Hardwareentwicklungsveranstaltung. Meistens widmen sich Hackathons einem bestimmten Thema.&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Hackathon<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-7\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/hidden-labour-force\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;hidden labour force&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The hidden labour force includes non-active people who would generally be willing to take up employment but are not registered with the labour administration as being unemployed.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">hidden labour force<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-7\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/human-capital\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Human capital&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Human capital is the sum of the economically usable skills, knowledge, competencies and also the behaviour and health status of the working population of an economy. The term expresses the fact that it is first and foremost education that really enables an individual to become economically productive, just as, in the same way, cultivation is necessary for the soil to be productive. In the literature, the terms human capital and human resources are sometimes used interchangeably.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Human capital<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-8\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/iab-zew-start-up-panel\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;IAB\/ZEW START-UP PANEL&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The IAB\/ZEW Start-up Panel is an annual survey the IAB conducts together with the Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research. To obtain the data, approx. 6,000 young companies across Germany are surveyed.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">IAB\/ZEW START-UP PANEL<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-8\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/industrial-peace\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;industrial peace&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Industrial peace means that the employer and the workforce work together without any serious disruptions.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">industrial peace<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-11\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/labour-force\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;labour force&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;All persons aged at least 15 who have their residence in the Federal Republic of Germany (national concept) and who exercise or seek an activity directly or indirectly geared towards earning money (dependent employees, self-employed, family workers), irrespective of the importance of the income from this occupation for their livelihood and not considering the working time actually performed or to be contractually performed (concept of gainful employment). The labour force is comprised of employed and unemployed persons.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">labour force<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-11\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/labour-force-potential\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;labour force potential&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The labour force potential is a measure for the labour supply available in an economy. It is comprised of the employed and unemployed persons determined by the Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt) and the hidden labour force estimated by the IAB.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">labour force potential<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-11\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/low-wage-threshold\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Low-wage threshold&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Low-wage threshold is 60&nbsp;% of median hourly wage.&nbsp; In 2022, this was 12,50 euro.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Low-wage threshold<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-12\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/makers-space\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Makers space&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Maker spaces are open workshops of the 21st century where people work creatively. These spaces often provide new technologies such as 3D printers or laser cutters intended to help develop new ideas in experimental do-it-yourself projects.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Makers space<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-14\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/opening-clauses-in-collective-agreements\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;opening clauses in collective agreements&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Opening clauses in sectoral collective agreements have become increasingly common to allow for some flexibility at the local and firm level. They delegate greater decision-making to the enterprise level and allow firms to undercut collectively agreed standards. Until the late 1990s opening clauses on working time were dominant while opening clauses on compensation are common today.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">opening clauses in collective agreements<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-15\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/pay-as-you-go-pension-system\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;pay-as-you-go pension system&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;In a pay-as-you-go pension system, the benefits are directly tied to the contributions or taxes paid by individual participants. In a fully funded pension plan, on the contrary, future beneficiaries are not actively contributing.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">pay-as-you-go pension system<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-15\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/pension-award-formula\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pension award formula&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;With the help of the pension award formula (Rentenformel), the monthly pension is calculated on the basis of the individual employment history. All pension-relevant periods from the contribution-paying insurance history are observed in the pension award formula. To calculate the monthly gross pension, the earning points acquired are multiplied with the age factor, pension factor, current pension value, and the pension type factor.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Pension award formula<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-17\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/permit-of-residence\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Residence permit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span lang=&amp;quot;EN-GB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Asylum seekers whose asylum procedures are not yet completed are granted a permit of residence by the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF). It entitles them to live and, under certain conditions, to work in Germany until the asylum procedure is completed, i.e. until their application for asylum is decided on.&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Residence permit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-15\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/persons-of-working-age\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;People of working age&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;span lang=&amp;quot;EN-GB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;15-to-65-year-olds (to-67-year-olds in the future)&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">People of working age<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-15\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/priority-review-vorrangpruefung\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Priority review (Vorrangpr&uuml;fung)&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;If foreigners from third countries want to take up an employment on the German labour market, a so called &rdquo;priority review&amp;quot;&nbsp;(Vorrangpr&uuml;fung) takes place.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;The priority review verifies whether or not there are applicants with preferential rights on the labour market available for a position. Applicants with preferential rights are German citizens, EU citizens or residence\/settlement permit holders.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Priority review (Vorrangpr\u00fcfung)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-17\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/register-data-of-the-federal-employment-agency\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Register data of the Federal Employment Agency&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The register data of the Federal Employment Agency (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Bundesagentur f&uuml;r Arbeit &ndash; BA&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;) encompass personal information of benefit recipients collected by the Federal Employment Agency for the purpose of fulfilling its legal mandate.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Register data of the Federal Employment Agency<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-17\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/reservation-wage\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;reservation wage&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The reservation wage is the lowest wage rate at which a worker would be willing to accept a job.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">reservation wage<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-18\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/self-sufficiency\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Self-sufficiency&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Self-sufficiency is the income level that an individual or family requires to support themselves without receiving social benefits.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Self-sufficiency<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-18\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/small-and-medium-sized-enterprise-sector-sme\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector includes enterprises which employ fewer than 250 persons and which have an annual turnover not exceeding EUR 50 million, and\/or an annual balance sheet total not exceeding EUR 43 million.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-18\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/socio-economic-panel-soep\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP)&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The German Socio-Economic Panel (Sozio-oekonomisches Panel, SOEP) is a representative survey of the private households in Germany which started in 1984 and which reinterviews the same persons and families annually. About 14,000 households and 30,000 persons participate in the survey.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) is the scientific survey name and also the name of a department at the German Institute for Economic Research (Deutsches Institut f&uuml;r Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-19\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/treuhand-privatisation-agency\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Treuhand privatisation agency&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The Treuhand privatisation agency (&amp;quot;Treuhandanstalt&amp;quot;) was created in 1990. Its task was to reorganise and privatise the nationally owned assets according to the principles of the social market economy and oversaw the restructuring and sale of about 8,500 state-owned companies with over four million employees.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Treuhand privatisation agency<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-19\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/two-tier-unemployment-compensation-system\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;two-tier unemployment compensation system&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A two-tier unemployment compensation system consists of an insurance based benefit system (first-tier), usually providing earnings-related benefits for a limited duration, and a second-tier unemployment assistance system, usually providing earnings-related means-tested benefits.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">two-tier unemployment compensation system<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-22\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/work-life-balance\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Work-life balance&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The concept of work-life balance intends to raise awareness for a balance of professional work and other, mostly private, areas of life. The balance of working time and life time is currently being discussed particularly in relation to the compatibility of family and career, flexible working time such as the flexible workplace (home office), and in HR under the aspects of motivation and commitment of employees.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Work-life balance<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-22\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/works-constitution-act\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Works Constitution Act&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Sets the legal grounds for establishing works councils and defines the status of trade unions and employers&amp;#039; associations. Defines the term &amp;quot;employees&amp;quot;. Contains some provisions about works councils, works meetings, central works councils and combined works councils (election of members). Provides for representation of young employees and trainees. Provides for collaboration by employees and codetermination (creation of conciliation committee, right to make complaints, etc.). Works councils are endowed with far-reaching information, consultation and codetermination rights, in addition to their role in implementing sectoral agreements.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Works Constitution Act<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-22\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/works-council\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;works council&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A works council is a representative body of employees within an enterprise which in most European countries has a legal status and cannot be sidestepped or dissolved by employers. Under the German Works Constitution Act (&amp;quot;Betriebsverfassungsgesetz&rdquo;), a works council should be elected in all establishments that normally have five or more permanent employees with voting rights. The members of the works council are elected by the entire workforce, and the works council&rsquo;s duties are specified by law: the works council hears grievances, ensures that the employer complies with all labour laws and collective bargaining agreements, and bargains with the employers over personnel and social matters; including hirings, transfers, dismissals, hours of work, and plant rules.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">works council<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" ln-24\"  itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossar\/youth-unemployment\/\"  role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \"   style=\"\"   itemprop=\"url\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Youth unemployment&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Youth unemployment refers to unemployed people in the age-range 15\/16 to 24. The unemployment status could be measured both as subjective reported unemployment status or reported by the registers of public employment services. Country specific, both measures vary. In the German case, self-reported unemployment figures are slightly higher.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Youth unemployment<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Suche: Suche (l\u00f6schen) \u00c4quivalenzeinkommenAgilityAmbidexterityArmutsquoteBotsCapable of workCodetermination at plant levelCohortcollective agreementsCoworking centresCrowdworkDeadweigth effectDesign thinkingDiscontinous open-ended contractsDisruptionDual apprenticeship trainingDual system of interest representationEconomies of scaleEmployment AgencyEmployment rateEmployment statisticsEquivalence scaleEstablishment History Panel (BHP)Exceptional leave to remainExploitationExplorationFederal Employment AgencyFlexible Pension Act (Flexirenten-Gesetz)free collective bargainingGini indexHackathonhidden labour forceHuman capitalIAB\/ZEW START-UP PANELindustrial peacelabour forcelabour force potentialLow-wage thresholdMakers spaceopening clauses in collective <a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/glossary\/\">read full article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":15,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page_glossary.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15408"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15408"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15408\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15410,"href":"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15408\/revisions\/15410"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iab-forum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}