Opening clauses in sectoral collective agreements have become increasingly common to allow for some flexibility at the local and firm level. They delegate greater decision-making to the enterprise level and allow firms to undercut collectively agreed standards. Until the late 1990s opening clauses on working time were dominant while opening clauses on compensation are common today.
This might be interesting for you...
5. August 2026 | Groups of Persons
Why confidence matters: The hidden barrier for women in STEM
Despite strong educational achievements, women in Germany remain underrepresented in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) careers – an imbalance that fuels the gender pay gap, ...read more
2. July 2026 | Migration and Integration
When bureaucracy becomes a barrier: What migrants think about Germany’s administrative processes
Applying for a residence permit, having foreign qualifications recognised, or acquiring German citizenship: people who have moved to Germany often face lengthy bureaucratic processes. Current survey ...read more
26. June 2026 | Groups of Persons
Employment growth in Germany from 2017 to 2024: What drives employment in an ageing society?
Between 2017 and 2024, employment growth in Germany was mainly driven by a rising population and increasing employment rates. Gains were concentrated among migrants, women and older workers, while ...read more