All persons aged at least 15 who have their residence in the Federal Republic of Germany (national concept) and who exercise or seek an activity directly or indirectly geared towards earning money (dependent employees, self-employed, family workers), irrespective of the importance of the income from this occupation for their livelihood and not considering the working time actually performed or to be contractually performed (concept of gainful employment). The labour force is comprised of employed and unemployed persons.
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5. August 2026 | Groups of Persons
Why confidence matters: The hidden barrier for women in STEM
Despite strong educational achievements, women in Germany remain underrepresented in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) careers – an imbalance that fuels the gender pay gap, ...read more
2. July 2026 | Migration and Integration
When bureaucracy becomes a barrier: What migrants think about Germany’s administrative processes
Applying for a residence permit, having foreign qualifications recognised, or acquiring German citizenship: people who have moved to Germany often face lengthy bureaucratic processes. Current survey ...read more